Nonnative speakers of english now outnumber native speakers by a margin of about 3. English as a lingua franca the globalisation of english. In this complex scenario, it is also apparent that as english as a lingua franca elf variations emerge and gain in influence see seidlhofer 2011, the identity of english will change and become itself a reflection of a plurilingual reality in which speakers typically have at their disposal a repertoire of different languages. Aug 20, 2010 the english language is taught and spoken around the world, encouraging many to promote the concept of english as a lingua franca elf, a moreorless universal language that can be used as a means of communication among people of different linguistic backgrounds. Jennifer jenkins, facss born 1950 is a british linguist and academic. Pdf the lingua franca core and englishes in east and. Indeed, researchers have, for example, established that it is not proximity to a standard native speaker model, but rather the ability to pronounce certain key pronunciation features known as the lingua franca core lfc, and the ability to adapt the pronunciation to the interlocutor, that enhance intelligibility in elf contexts. Drawing on a qualitative study of the postmerger integration between a french and dutch airline where english was adopted as a lingua franca.
A lingua franca or working language, bridge language, vehicular language is a language systematically used for communication, possibly among people who do not share a common language. Pronunciation priorities, the lingua franca core, and. Such a framework is not so beneficial to the highly proficient learners but might be. For example, investigating two major, recently merged finnishswedish. What we need and this is in a nutshell the central claim of my book is to combine. As is the case in singapore, where english has replaced malay as the lingua franca over the last 50 years, english in dubai is replacing arabic. The lingua franca core this document contains my response to the discussion questions presented in tesl 525 in week 6 regarding the lingua franc core. Collectively, these guidelines are known as the lingua franca core lfc, and can be summarised in four areas. Nigeria and kenya since they were colonized by the british from the sixteenth century on, the phenomenon in its modern sense was.
She is a leading figure in the study of english as a lingua franca elf, and is an expert on communication in english. Sep 17, 2019 how can we help them to communicate successfully. At the same time, this new and incipient research gives rise to new questions, and inspires further explorations into the complex phenomenon of elf. English as a lingua franca and some implications for english teachers penny ur 2009 initial concepts and assumptions probably between two and three billion people speak english.
This situation has had fundamental sociolinguistic implications, one of which is the emergence of english as a lingua franca at all levels of the society. Teaching the pronunciation of english as a lingua franca. It explores the practices, regularities, and patterns of english as a lingua franca elf as it appears in natural use by expert users in university settings. How to teach english as a lingua franca elf british. Communication between nonnative speakers is a normal everyday matter. Rhoticity is part of the lingua franca core, chiefly because it aligns spelling and pronunciation, but must it be genam. Lingua franca english that is predominantly used by nonnative speakers, is sociolinguistic reality and must be the subject of linguistic research. This chapter shows just how deeply affected english has already been through its unprecedented spread, and the unique function it has as the world language. So english as a lingua franca is a name given to the language in its worldwide function.
The term english as a lingua franca elf refers to the teaching, learning, and use of the english language as a common means of communication or contact language for speakers of different native languages. English as a lingua franca elf is a functional term referring to the use of english as a common language by speakers of different first languages. Generally, a lingua franca is a third language that is distinct from a native or mother language. Lingua franca is a functional term, independent of any linguistic history or language structure. The use of english as a lingua franca elf, a shared language, by speakers with different mother tongues. Chapter 35, elf and teacher education is coauthored by elfprons own laura patsko and martin dewey of kings college london this chapter doesnt focus on pronunciation, but it does highlight and discuss a number of key developments in the fields of. Two case companies article in english for specific purposes 244. The term was first used during the middle ages to describe a french and italianbased jargon, or pidgin, that was developed by. The impact of jenkins lingua franca core on the teaching. Lingua franca meaning in the cambridge english dictionary.
English as a lingua franca a native culturefree code. Identify and describe one historical factor that contributed to the worldwide use of english. English is the most widely used language in the world, thus becoming the worlds lingua franca. The proposal recognizes the rights of nonnative speakers to their own legitimate regional accents rather than regarding deviation from ns pronunciation norms as error. Lingua franca core lfc, which is a set of pronunciation features that enable elf speakers to communicate successfully with other elf speakers. The evolution of english as the business lingua franca core. In this paper, we focus on the role of language in crossborder mergers and acquisitions and explore how organization members language skills, or fluency, in the adopted lingua franca may impact their reactions to a merger. The term was first used during the middle ages to describe a french and. In her proposal for a lingua franca core lfc jennifer jenkins 2000 seeks to redefine and reclassify pronunciation error, and in so doing to embrace the sociolinguistic facts of regional variation. Her work derives from the world englishes or english as an international language eil movement, which recognizes that there are more than 300 million nonnative english speakers. English as a lingua franca cambridge scholars publishing.
Multicompetence and english as a lingua franca chapter 23 the. Dauer university of massachusetts amherst, massachusetts, united states few would dispute that english is now the primary lingua franca, the language used to communicate among speakers of different native languages throughout the world. Winter and similar words should not be allowed in an. This led her to propose the lingua franca core, an inventory of pronunciation features that she suggests are necessary for maintaining intelligibility in international communication, while features outside the core are unimportant. In this response, i address the issues concerning the conceptualization. Jenkins 2000 has proposed a lingua franca core for pronunciation, but this is not.
Although most contemporary linguists regard english as a lingua franca elf as a valuable means of international communication and a. Elf interaction can include native english speakers, but in most cases, it is a contact language between people who share neither a common native tongue. Describing english as a lingua franca 7 language in use p variation p accent 12 intelligibility jj pronunciation goals for elf 19 approach 1 use a standard nativespeaker accent 20 approach 2 use a single world standard for pronunciation 21 approach 3 an elf approach based on the lfc 21 summary 22 further. Lingua franca definition of lingua franca by merriamwebster.
Yet its present spread and use are so new that english as a lingua franca. What are the beliefs and attitudes of speakers of english as a lingua franca elf in. At its simplest, elf is a way of referring to communication in english between speakers who have different first languages. It is generally acknowledged that english occupies the role of lingua franca in a globalised world and the goal of language learners is more often nowadays to be able to use english in communication with other nonnative speakers nnss as an international language than as a foreign language in communication with its native speakers nss. Englishasalinguafranca barbaraseidlhofer in recent years, the term english as a lingua franca elf has emerged as a way of referring to communication in english between speakers with different. English as a lingua franca in nordic corporate mergers. Beliefs and attitudes towards english as a lingua franca ghent. English as a lingua franca from the classroom to the classroom jennifer jenkins english has served as a means of communication among speakers of different first languages i. The lingua franca core a new model for pronunciation instruction. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your account. English as a lingua franca and the multilingual classroom.
Today, english is often regarded as a core skill, in the same way ict skills are graddol. Topic merge scenarios for knowledge federation core. The center for english as a lingua franca celf, an initiative of a private university in tokyo, was founded with serious consideration given to the pedagogical implications of the widespread use of english as a lingua franca elf. Nuclear stress placement 3 6 non core features 3 8 non core features with no impact on elf intelligibility 38 non core features with a negative impact on elf intelligibility41. Mohammad latif chaudhary are from college of electronic technology, bani walid, libya. In this article, we adopt this latter view and suggest that not only do belf. Before entering into the discussion about the present and the prospective status of english as the global lingua franca, it seems appropriate to determine what, in fact, the global lingua franca is. In compound bilingualism, concepts from two languages are merged, unlike in coordinate. Sowdens article raises a number of questions concerning english as a lingua franca elf and criticizes it as a simplified and culturally neutral means of communication. We use two scenarios known to exist in our research platform to develop a novel merge architecture that supports virtual merges of topics. The article is based on findings from research into communication and language use in two international corporations, both formed as a result of a merger between a swedish and a finnish company. A lingua franca pronounced lingwa franka is a language or mixture of languages used as a medium of communication by people whose native languages are different. It argues, however, that it would be premature to launch into a discussion of the teaching of this lingua franca before certain prerequisites have been met. A lingua franca originally italian for frankish language see etymology below is a language that is used between persons who have not the same mother tongue the terms working language, bridge language and vehicular language are used in the same sense.
Lingua franca definition is a common language consisting of italian mixed with french, spanish, greek, and arabic that was formerly spoken in mediterranean ports. Language learning and use succeed through performance strategies, situational resources, and social negotiations in. There has been a lot of research done both on the morphosyntactic properties of elf interactions and the communication strategies used by elf speakers in order to facilitate communication and avoid misunderstandings. Lingua franca core mainly aims for those who only want to communicate with other nonnative speakers and carry on relatively simple dialogues in english. Yet its present spread and use are so new that english as a lingua franca elf in.
English as a lingua franca from the classroom to the. The document seeks to provide my perspective on the issue of whether i believe the lfc should replace american and british pronunciation. Pdf the implications of the lingua franca core for. Pdf the lingua franca core, a new model for pronunciation. An opposing view is presented by meierkord 2002, p.
Elfa english as a lingua franca in the academia investigates english as it is currently used by speakers with different mother tongues. In the past, arabic became the lingua franca of the islamic world from ad 733 ad 1492, which at a certain point spread from the. The lingua franca core and englishes in east and southeast asia article pdf available in asiatic 102. A questionnaire was sent to representatives of each case company, focusing on language use, communication practices, and cultural views. Moving on to elf, while english had served as a lingua franca in parts of asia e. A critique of jenkins lingua franca core adam brown at ais st helens, as in other institutions in new zealand and some other countries, international nonnative speaker nns students from china, india, the pacific. Aug 17, 2014 learning english as a lingua franca elf involves approaching the language as a tongue shared by nonnative speakers around the world rather than as a lingo that must be mastered to native. We report on a core function in that boundary infrastructure. These may be defined according to kachrus three circles. Jenkins 2000 sets out a third choice, the lingua franca core lfc, for the millions of english learners around the world who do not want to or are unable to. Today when we find a language which is commonly used by people whose native languages are different, we describe it as a lingua franca. Here, youll find a wide range of lesson plans, classroom resources and teacher training videos, all designed to support english language teachers whose students use english as a lingua franca elf.
The handbook of english as a lingua franca routledge, 2017. Using the lingua franca core to promote students mutual intelligibility in the multilingual classroom. Lingua franca brian foote and don roberts department of computer science university of illinois at urbanachampaign 4 w. Lingua francas of the world 661 the use of this particular form of french eventually died out, but not before having left its own name as its heritage for languages which are used in a similar fashion.
English today is used far more by its nonnative speakers than native speakers. It is undeniably the only global lingua franca used in a wide variety of international domains, including international. English as a lingua franca from the classroom to the classroom. The lingua franca core, a new model for pronunciation instruction. In the process of becoming a lingua franca, a language often loses some of its vocabulary or is simplified in its phonology or grammar.
This book examines how, in the era of global migration in which english is the lingua franca but not necessarily the lingua aesthetica for migrant writers, their bi and multilingualism nevertheless enters the american english text. Talking bots which can retrieve information at any instant and in a precise manner without any hassles of the users searching for it. English as a lingua franca, since the current surge of research activity is expanding our understanding of elf in useits processes, practices, and linguistic features. Elf is also defined functionally by its use in intercultural communication rather than formally by its reference to nativespeaker norms whereas english as a second or foreign language aims at meeting native speaker norms and gives prominence to. The lingua franca core and englishes in east and southeast. Pdf principles of the lingua franca approach and their. English as a lingua franca or elf is increasingly being used as an alternative term for english as an. However, the lingua franca core remains controversial. This led her to propose the lingua franca core, an inventory of.
Lingua franca simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. She categorised features such as distinctions between most consonants, initial consonant clusters, and vowel length as core features that are important in. The sociolinguistic reality of english language use worldwide, and its implications, continue to be. Since roughly only one out of every four users of english in the world is a native speaker of the language crystal 2003. Lingua franca article about lingua franca by the free. Pdf the last thirty five years have created a challenging situation for iran and. Pdf it has been argued, especially by jenkins 2000, 2007, that it should not. English as a lingua franca elf is the use of the english language as a common means of communication for speakers of different first languages. Lingua franca english, multilingual communities, and language. The lingua franca core 28 consonant sounds 2p consonant clusters 32 vowel sounds 34. Such deliberation is not yet prevalent among academics and prac.
If you have a machine with a multi core processor, the multicore apply functions e. The rise of english as the global lingua franca is. Where the structure of the language suffers serious modification, it is said to be pidginized. Ibis is an emerging lingua franca of structured discourse. English is now undoubtedlyand particularly an international lingua franca, a lingua mundi. Seven principles for writing materials for english as a. The effectiveness of the lingua franca core lfc in. The analysis of english as a lingua franca elf has received considerable attention over the years.
She is chair professor of global englishes at the university of southampton. Enl an external view of english after kachru 1992 nonnative speakers outnumber native speakers of english. A lingua franca english plural lingua francas, although the pseudolatin form linguae francae is also seen, and the proper italian is lingue franche is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a first language, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both speakers first languages. A pidginized language, or simply pidgin, traces its lineage to at least one natural language. Studies and findings, edited by anna mauranen and elina ranta. How to teach english as a lingua franca elf british council. Pdf the lingua franca core and englishes in east and southeast. Frankish language language used as a means of communication between populations speaking vernaculars that are not mutually intelligible. A critique of jenkins lingua franca core adam brown at ais st helens, as in other institutions in new zealand and some other countries, international nonnative speaker nns students from china, india, the pacific islands, etc undertake englishmedium study, often being taught by lecturers whose first language is not english. A lingua franca is a language which is used as a means of communication among people who have no native language in common.
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