English as a lingua franca and its implications for. Communication between nonnative speakers is a normal everyday matter. Collectively, these guidelines are known as the lingua franca core lfc, and can be summarised in four areas. Talking bots which can retrieve information at any instant and in a precise manner without any hassles of the users searching for it. This situation has had fundamental sociolinguistic implications, one of which is the emergence of english as a lingua franca at all levels of the society. Nonnative speakers of english now outnumber native speakers by a margin of about 3. Pdf the lingua franca core and englishes in east and southeast. Enl an external view of english after kachru 1992 nonnative speakers outnumber native speakers of english. Dauer university of massachusetts amherst, massachusetts, united states few would dispute that english is now the primary lingua franca, the language used to communicate among speakers of different native languages throughout the world. How to teach english as a lingua franca elf british council. The term was first used during the middle ages to describe a french and. Pdf principles of the lingua franca approach and their. This book examines how, in the era of global migration in which english is the lingua franca but not necessarily the lingua aesthetica for migrant writers, their bi and multilingualism nevertheless enters the american english text.
Describing english as a lingua franca 7 language in use p variation p accent 12 intelligibility jj pronunciation goals for elf 19 approach 1 use a standard nativespeaker accent 20 approach 2 use a single world standard for pronunciation 21 approach 3 an elf approach based on the lfc 21 summary 22 further. Jennifer jenkins, facss born 1950 is a british linguist and academic. The term was first used during the middle ages to describe a french and italianbased jargon, or pidgin, that was developed by. She categorised features such as distinctions between most consonants, initial consonant clusters, and vowel length as core features that are important in. The term english as a lingua franca elf refers to the teaching, learning, and use of the english language as a common means of communication or contact language for speakers of different native languages. A lingua franca or working language, bridge language, vehicular language is a language systematically used for communication, possibly among people who do not share a common language. Studies and findings, edited by anna mauranen and elina ranta. Today, english is often regarded as a core skill, in the same way ict skills are graddol. What are the beliefs and attitudes of speakers of english as a lingua franca elf in. The lingua franca core, a new model for pronunciation instruction. English as a lingua franca elf is the use of the english language as a common means of communication for speakers of different first languages.
Although most contemporary linguists regard english as a lingua franca elf as a valuable means of international communication and a. The use of english as a lingua franca elf, a shared language, by speakers with different mother tongues. Drawing on a qualitative study of the postmerger integration between a french and dutch airline where english was adopted as a lingua franca. The rise of english as the global lingua franca is. Englishasalinguafranca barbaraseidlhofer in recent years, the term english as a lingua franca elf has emerged as a way of referring to communication in english between speakers with different. She is a leading figure in the study of english as a lingua franca elf, and is an expert on communication in english. Topic merge scenarios for knowledge federation core. Winter and similar words should not be allowed in an. Language learning and use succeed through performance strategies, situational resources, and social negotiations in.
English today is used far more by its nonnative speakers than native speakers. What we need and this is in a nutshell the central claim of my book is to combine. The analysis of english as a lingua franca elf has received considerable attention over the years. Multicompetence and english as a lingua franca chapter 23 the. An opposing view is presented by meierkord 2002, p. In this response, i address the issues concerning the conceptualization. Elf interaction can include native english speakers, but in most cases, it is a contact language between people who share neither a common native tongue. The center for english as a lingua franca celf, an initiative of a private university in tokyo, was founded with serious consideration given to the pedagogical implications of the widespread use of english as a lingua franca elf. The document seeks to provide my perspective on the issue of whether i believe the lfc should replace american and british pronunciation. Elf is also defined functionally by its use in intercultural communication rather than formally by its reference to nativespeaker norms whereas english as a second or foreign language aims at meeting native speaker norms and gives prominence to.
English as a lingua franca from the classroom to the. Lingua franca core lfc, which is a set of pronunciation features that enable elf speakers to communicate successfully with other elf speakers. This chapter shows just how deeply affected english has already been through its unprecedented spread, and the unique function it has as the world language. Yet its present spread and use are so new that english as a lingua franca. Beliefs and attitudes towards english as a lingua franca ghent. English as a lingua franca a native culturefree code. It is undeniably the only global lingua franca used in a wide variety of international domains, including international.
The lingua franca core and englishes in east and southeast asia article pdf available in asiatic 102. Seven principles for writing materials for english as a. Frankish language language used as a means of communication between populations speaking vernaculars that are not mutually intelligible. There has been a lot of research done both on the morphosyntactic properties of elf interactions and the communication strategies used by elf speakers in order to facilitate communication and avoid misunderstandings. Moving on to elf, while english had served as a lingua franca in parts of asia e. Mohammad latif chaudhary are from college of electronic technology, bani walid, libya. A lingua franca originally italian for frankish language see etymology below is a language that is used between persons who have not the same mother tongue the terms working language, bridge language and vehicular language are used in the same sense. The handbook of english as a lingua franca routledge, 2017.
English as a lingua franca from the classroom to the classroom. Lingua francas of the world 661 the use of this particular form of french eventually died out, but not before having left its own name as its heritage for languages which are used in a similar fashion. This innovation is an idea based on what the future of search engines can be. Pdf the implications of the lingua franca core for. It argues, however, that it would be premature to launch into a discussion of the teaching of this lingua franca before certain prerequisites have been met. English as a lingua franca cambridge scholars publishing. For example, investigating two major, recently merged finnishswedish.
Identify and describe one historical factor that contributed to the worldwide use of english. A questionnaire was sent to representatives of each case company, focusing on language use, communication practices, and cultural views. However, the lingua franca core remains controversial. Lingua franca brian foote and don roberts department of computer science university of illinois at urbanachampaign 4 w.
Lingua franca simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jenkins 2000 sets out a third choice, the lingua franca core lfc, for the millions of english learners around the world who do not want to or are unable to. Such deliberation is not yet prevalent among academics and prac. Lingua franca definition is a common language consisting of italian mixed with french, spanish, greek, and arabic that was formerly spoken in mediterranean ports. In the process of becoming a lingua franca, a language often loses some of its vocabulary or is simplified in its phonology or grammar. Before entering into the discussion about the present and the prospective status of english as the global lingua franca, it seems appropriate to determine what, in fact, the global lingua franca is. Aug 20, 2010 the english language is taught and spoken around the world, encouraging many to promote the concept of english as a lingua franca elf, a moreorless universal language that can be used as a means of communication among people of different linguistic backgrounds.
Sep 17, 2019 how can we help them to communicate successfully. Pdf the lingua franca core, a new model for pronunciation. A pidginized language, or simply pidgin, traces its lineage to at least one natural language. English as a lingua franca, since the current surge of research activity is expanding our understanding of elf in useits processes, practices, and linguistic features. Aug 17, 2014 learning english as a lingua franca elf involves approaching the language as a tongue shared by nonnative speakers around the world rather than as a lingo that must be mastered to native. The lingua franca core and englishes in east and southeast. Lingua franca is a functional term, independent of any linguistic history or language structure. Pronunciation priorities, the lingua franca core, and. The proposal recognizes the rights of nonnative speakers to their own legitimate regional accents rather than regarding deviation from ns pronunciation norms as error. Since roughly only one out of every four users of english in the world is a native speaker of the language crystal 2003. Today when we find a language which is commonly used by people whose native languages are different, we describe it as a lingua franca. Lingua franca definition of lingua franca by merriamwebster. As is the case in singapore, where english has replaced malay as the lingua franca over the last 50 years, english in dubai is replacing arabic. We report on a core function in that boundary infrastructure.
The lingua franca core a new model for pronunciation instruction. Lingua franca meaning in the cambridge english dictionary. A critique of jenkins lingua franca core adam brown at ais st helens, as in other institutions in new zealand and some other countries, international nonnative speaker nns students from china, india, the pacific islands, etc undertake englishmedium study, often being taught by lecturers whose first language is not english. Sowdens article raises a number of questions concerning english as a lingua franca elf and criticizes it as a simplified and culturally neutral means of communication. English as a lingua franca or elf is increasingly being used as an alternative term for english as an. Lingua franca article about lingua franca by the free. English as a lingua franca and some implications for english teachers penny ur 2009 initial concepts and assumptions probably between two and three billion people speak english. English as a lingua franca the globalisation of english. In the past, arabic became the lingua franca of the islamic world from ad 733 ad 1492, which at a certain point spread from the. The lingua franca core 28 consonant sounds 2p consonant clusters 32 vowel sounds 34. In this paper, we focus on the role of language in crossborder mergers and acquisitions and explore how organization members language skills, or fluency, in the adopted lingua franca may impact their reactions to a merger. We use two scenarios known to exist in our research platform to develop a novel merge architecture that supports virtual merges of topics. Pdf the lingua franca core and englishes in east and. Lingua franca english that is predominantly used by nonnative speakers, is sociolinguistic reality and must be the subject of linguistic research.
Teaching the pronunciation of english as a lingua franca. Pdf the last thirty five years have created a challenging situation for iran and. Indeed, researchers have, for example, established that it is not proximity to a standard native speaker model, but rather the ability to pronounce certain key pronunciation features known as the lingua franca core lfc, and the ability to adapt the pronunciation to the interlocutor, that enhance intelligibility in elf contexts. Elfa english as a lingua franca in the academia investigates english as it is currently used by speakers with different mother tongues. English is now undoubtedlyand particularly an international lingua franca, a lingua mundi. Yet its present spread and use are so new that english as a lingua franca elf in. It explores the practices, regularities, and patterns of english as a lingua franca elf as it appears in natural use by expert users in university settings. The impact of jenkins lingua franca core on the teaching. Using the lingua franca core to promote students mutual intelligibility in the multilingual classroom. Her work derives from the world englishes or english as an international language eil movement, which recognizes that there are more than 300 million nonnative english speakers.
Nigeria and kenya since they were colonized by the british from the sixteenth century on, the phenomenon in its modern sense was. Lingua franca english, multilingual communities, and language. In compound bilingualism, concepts from two languages are merged, unlike in coordinate. In her proposal for a lingua franca core lfc jennifer jenkins 2000 seeks to redefine and reclassify pronunciation error, and in so doing to embrace the sociolinguistic facts of regional variation. A lingua franca pronounced lingwa franka is a language or mixture of languages used as a medium of communication by people whose native languages are different. Pdf it has been argued, especially by jenkins 2000, 2007, that it should not. How to teach english as a lingua franca elf british. Jenkins 2000 has proposed a lingua franca core for pronunciation, but this is not. If you have a machine with a multi core processor, the multicore apply functions e. Lingua franca core mainly aims for those who only want to communicate with other nonnative speakers and carry on relatively simple dialogues in english.
The evolution of english as the business lingua franca core. Nuclear stress placement 3 6 non core features 3 8 non core features with no impact on elf intelligibility 38 non core features with a negative impact on elf intelligibility41. The lingua franca core this document contains my response to the discussion questions presented in tesl 525 in week 6 regarding the lingua franc core. So english as a lingua franca is a name given to the language in its worldwide function. The effectiveness of the lingua franca core lfc in. Here, youll find a wide range of lesson plans, classroom resources and teacher training videos, all designed to support english language teachers whose students use english as a lingua franca elf. At its simplest, elf is a way of referring to communication in english between speakers who have different first languages. Chapter 35, elf and teacher education is coauthored by elfprons own laura patsko and martin dewey of kings college london this chapter doesnt focus on pronunciation, but it does highlight and discuss a number of key developments in the fields of.
In this article, we adopt this latter view and suggest that not only do belf. English as a lingua franca and the multilingual classroom. Two case companies article in english for specific purposes 244. Rhoticity is part of the lingua franca core, chiefly because it aligns spelling and pronunciation, but must it be genam. English is the most widely used language in the world, thus becoming the worlds lingua franca. Generally, a lingua franca is a third language that is distinct from a native or mother language. English as a lingua franca elf is a functional term referring to the use of english as a common language by speakers of different first languages.
She is chair professor of global englishes at the university of southampton. It is generally acknowledged that english occupies the role of lingua franca in a globalised world and the goal of language learners is more often nowadays to be able to use english in communication with other nonnative speakers nnss as an international language than as a foreign language in communication with its native speakers nss. English as a lingua franca from the classroom to the classroom jennifer jenkins english has served as a means of communication among speakers of different first languages i. English as a lingua franca in nordic corporate mergers.
Where the structure of the language suffers serious modification, it is said to be pidginized. This led her to propose the lingua franca core, an inventory of pronunciation features that she suggests are necessary for maintaining intelligibility in international communication, while features outside the core are unimportant. Ibis is an emerging lingua franca of structured discourse. The sociolinguistic reality of english language use worldwide, and its implications, continue to be. Such a framework is not so beneficial to the highly proficient learners but might be. In this complex scenario, it is also apparent that as english as a lingua franca elf variations emerge and gain in influence see seidlhofer 2011, the identity of english will change and become itself a reflection of a plurilingual reality in which speakers typically have at their disposal a repertoire of different languages. These may be defined according to kachrus three circles. A critique of jenkins lingua franca core adam brown at ais st helens, as in other institutions in new zealand and some other countries, international nonnative speaker nns students from china, india, the pacific. A lingua franca english plural lingua francas, although the pseudolatin form linguae francae is also seen, and the proper italian is lingue franche is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a first language, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both speakers first languages.
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